How to understand the details and fragments of history in the historical material system?

Tao Yuanming's poems: "The appreciation of the strange texts, the analysis of doubts and meanings." The reciprocal argument between scholars is an important way to promote the research to go deeper. So when I saw Professor Hu Tieqiu’s response, I was very happy. However, after reading, the original doubts have not disappeared, and I will raise them to discuss them.

In response to my statement about "accurately grasping the details and fragments of history", Professor Hu added: "But the understanding and interpretation of details or 'fragments' need to be placed in the historical data system, relying on a single text to understand, often Misreading." I agree with this, but I would like to further explain two points: First, the so-called "historical system", this is made up of details and fragments. If the understanding of details or fragments is originally wrong, I am afraid it is not easy to form. A guiding "historical system"; second, even if it is to be understood in the "history system", it should be based on the text itself. Interpreting the most basic principles of historical materials, I am afraid to carefully analyze the logical relationship between contexts according to the specific context in which the texts are located, to align the historical materials with different sources, or to add historical meaning to the historical materials. Be extra cautious when you are.

First of all, I will focus on the two key historical materials that I mentioned in the last article and that Mr. Hu is trying to discern.

First, a piece of Yu Chenglong quoted by the author to prove that “the household is closed”: “The provincial capital’s family is the most treacherous, so the law is fixed, and the family is guilty of the same crime. In the capital city of the provincial capital, the foreign provinces and counties solve the money, but they also have the disadvantages of washing and approving. If they solve the crimes, they will take bribes and pay more. This is why the professor has pointed out that To understand this passage, you must refer to another paragraph of Jackie Chan: "After the plaintiff, the plaintiff will be charged, that is, the Jiangxia County will be charged, and the family will be reinstated, and the return will be verified, and the trial will be resumed." He believes that In contrast to the two historical data, the subject of ''solving people' is undoubtedly a family break, but Mr. Gao has hidden this historical material, so there has been ambiguity." Need to explain, I did not intend to hide this historical material, but I really can't see the connection between the two paragraphs from Jackie Chan's different articles. The latter paragraph is found in the "Qing Qing Duan Zheng Shu" Volume 2, "Please forbidden the lawsuit", is to let a specific family escort a specific prisoner, which is one of the duties of the company. I have no objection to this; but I think that this is not the same thing as "resolving the family", that is, the role of "defense husband" is specifically responsible for escorting the person. Yu Chenglong said that the previous passage was found in the same book, "The Treaty of Prosperity and Elimination of Deficiency". It is a general discussion about the provincial capital city. It does not involve the correspondence between a family and a prisoner. It is different from the latter paragraph. It seems that there is no need to put together and witness each other. Moreover, in the previous paragraph of Yu Chenglong’s remarks, I feel that semantic self-sufficiency, “solving money” and “solving people” are two parallel clauses, while “foreign state” is the common subject of the two, and I really don’t understand Where does the home come from? In addition, the response article recorded this passage as: “The provincial capital’s family is the most guilty of treacherous crimes. Therefore, the law is fixed, the family is the same as the sin, the law is strict, and the people are guilty. The main gang is the disadvantage of the main gang. "Because of the "the people in the provincial capital city, the foreign provinces and counties to solve the money, the package of the payment of fees, but also the disadvantages of washing and moving" is an important statement "hidden", "solution The subject of "human offense" is changed from "outer county" to "provincial county and county", which is easy to cause "ambiguity."

The second is a piece of speech by Prof. Hu, which is quoted by Professor Hu for proving “the soldiers are resting at home”: “To pass on the password and copy the text, you still have to say a word, not to increase or decrease and not to add to the misfortune. The poor patrol flag on the street, or rest home, call two or three military to ask, do not know the inside, the rule of the rule." Professor Hu pointed out: "According to the writing method before the Ming Dynasty, if the 'patrol flag' in ' On the street, ''resting home' spot checks and blame, then the word 'or' will not appear. This 'or' word indicates that 'staying home' and 'patrol flag' also have the function of spot check and accountability, Mr. Gao The interpretation violates the ancient way of writing." Repeatedly speaking about this sentence, I feel that the differences do not have anything to do with the "writing style". The key difference is that I understand the "home" in this sentence as the place, that is, The guest shop or the family where the soldier lives; and he interprets the "rest home" as a character, that is, the owner of the guest shop where the soldier lives. These two meanings of "resting" can be seen in the literature at the time, depending on the context. Taking the example of "training the soldiers" in this sentence, a total of six times mentioned "resting home", this sentence is from the "being the ear of the second", the volume "recognition of the real" also mentions Once again: "I don't know the teaching practice, but the gold drum is gold... These things are not done in the wall of the people's house, so the teaching field is practiced. Usually at the time of rest, if you are willing to When the soldiers...what is not to practice," the other four times were concentrated in the "Pending Camp" section of "Five Camps", which is only excerpted once: "Where to the place, such as the camping, see also camping 'Under the section. If you enter the family, the soldiers go to the city outside the airspace... The teams always get up and take the flag into the city to find a rest." I thought that the six times mentioned "rest home", All should be interpreted as "place of residence."

In addition, the author pointed out at the beginning of the article that he selected several questions that he did not dig deeper, but only as a phenomenon, adding up to less than 2,000 words, less than three-thousandths of the length of the study of the Ming and Qing dynasties. . I don't quite understand the exact meaning of the 2000 words. It may refer to the part of the book that discusses the setting of the rest of the family. If so, I would like to make a little explanation: Regarding the rest of the family as a break-up, collecting money and so on, etc., the former sages have been discussed more or less, and it seems that there is no objection, and the "service" is a family break. "Home" is Professor Hu's unique insights, so for a little analysis of these, it is by no means deliberately picking out the "no deep digging" part to talk about.

In fact, discussing the meaning of a certain historical material does not seem to have much to do with the proportion of the book. Since it is said here, I thought that when I read the book at that time, I found it within and outside of this "thousandths of a thousand". There are other historical materials that puzzle me. Here are a few examples.

First, let's say the part within "thousandths of a thousand". For example, when discussing the "professional duty" of the family, in addition to "resting in the Beijing and France", "the soldiers are resting at home", it also cites "the state of the country to stop the family." "According to "King Ding Guozi Jianzhi" contains: 'National Supervisor is the four priests of the dynasty... Wan, the second county is divided into two watermen, one for each of the east and west, one for the house, ten for the family, the promise, the small feet of the food Name, the transfer of grain, still fill the prisoner should be the Minister. 'And stipulates: 'Resignation of the folks, self-supporting water, the amount and work, see the house to rest, no feet, no work." Ming Dynasty Guozijian set up The 'professional duty' of Qijia is responsible for 'seeing the house', which is obviously related to the function of providing accommodation and food services." The contents of "King Ding Guozi Zhizhi" are copied from "Ming Tai Xue Zhi", but the original book The various servants juxtaposed in sections are copied into one paragraph, which is easy to cause sentences and misunderstandings. Checking the "Ming Tai Xue Zhi" can be seen: "Look at the Chaofang one person" is a single paragraph, followed by a section of "resting a family of ten, promised to receive a small amount of food, 12 feet, moved to the grain, still fill the prison Should be the minister, there is no work." This shows two points: First, "seeing the house" and "staying at home" are two types of juxtaposition, so the rest of the family has nothing to do with "seeing the house"; second, "Ming Tai Xue Zhi" for all kinds of servants The quantity, source and work-eating have specific instructions, but for the last part of the “shoulder” part of the family, the answer to the receipt of food, did not explain the source (by, Mr. Hu cited the words "Wan, the second county of the two waters ......", among them, "Wan, Dae County distribution" seems to belong to the above "four painters", and has nothing to do with the following watermen, seeing the house, rest, etc.), and specifically stated that "there is no work ". The author believes that the Guozijian does have a rest, and its nature is similar to that of the warehouse. Whether it is counted as “commission” is worth considering.

Let's talk about the part other than "thousandths of a thousand". For example, he believes that the family uses its levy function to intervene in the judicial field. There is such a paragraph: "In the Jiajing period, when investigating the sage of the official, it is necessary to 'take the rest of the family': 'cloth, according to the second division The prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of the prefectures of Advance the case to the city, take the rest of the family, and understand the matter, and show the rewards and punishments, to show the persuasion and punishment, and listen to them. 'This is the general store owner in the material. It is a package of levies or confiscations. Whether officials have corruption or not, they are clear, so the assessment officials’ sages are not good, and they must 'take a break' to confirm their innocence. The phenomenon of domestic recruitment is quite common, not in a certain region or a certain province... This also shows that the participation of the family in the judicial system is based on its levy function." The quoted text is from Xu Xiangqing's "On the investigation of the pilgrimage". But Professor Hu’s punctuation and explanation may seem to be considered. The author believes that Xu’s suggestion is aimed at the investigation of the pilgrimage to the pilgrimage, which is not too lenient and too lenient. In fact, there are two situations: the first half is for the place where “the matter is not in office”, and the sir is recommended. The patrol of the imperial censorship, "Strict nuclear sects have no actual lyrics", this has nothing to do with the rest of the family; the latter half is aimed at officials who have already been pilgrimage in Beijing, "still cadres, will be to inspect officials, pre-case the city Take a break from the knot, and hear about the incident, and use the rewards and punishments to show the punishment and punishment, and listen to it." As a pilgrimage official to Beijing, it is inevitable to find a place to stay, this is its "rest home." Xu’s suggestion is to ask the host of the Hajj officials to stay at home, and to issue a “knot” to the city’s imperial history and the Terracotta Warriors, to ensure that the officials of the Hajj can’t leave without saying anything. This kind of rest, I am afraid it is the "general guest shop owner". It seems that there is no function to prove whether the official is innocent, and of course it has nothing to do with servitude and justice.

Another example is that when Professor Hu discussed the interests of the family and the bureaucrats, he pointed out: "The use of officials' stains forced the audience to obey the command. When they formed a community of interests, they tried their best to excuse the local officials. Forming a good public opinion atmosphere... In November of the fifth year of Longqing, Gao Gong said in the book "Chongming County People's Huang Shanshu and other officials": "Looking at Chongming County, Huang Shanshu, Shi Tairan, Zhang Tang, Gong Jiuyi , Yuan Shihua, Yu Yu, Niu Wei, Shen Da Whale playing Bao County, a section... Today, Chongming County County Sun Shiliang has a very low test, and sees the accused, the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the Ministry of the United States to show the inferior Huang Shanshu and others are attacking the hurricane, and even playing the name of the squad, copying out the headquarters to call for trial, is no one, but the Department of Justice found out the names of the rest of the family, the soldiers and soldiers are arrested, and there is no one, but the family The name of the ghost is also...'. From the point of view of the problem reflected by Gao Gong, it is not uncommon for the family to play the case of Sun Shiliang... and pointed out that the people of the shackles are the officials of the ' ' The public opinion is very popular, from which we can see the rest of the family and the local bureaucrats. Another way of survival. "Whether the Ming Dynasty is popular as a local official song, the author has not studied, but this paragraph may not be a proof. The original reason was: "Chongming County People" Huang Shanshu and other eight people said that the county's original county magistrate Sun Shiliang "Let's love the people, Yan Enchao", this piece is transferred to the Ministry of the Ministry, the Ministry wants to find someone to check, but one I couldn't find it. I quickly let the Secretary for Administration find out that the eight people had reported their homes, and then ordered the soldiers to arrest them, only to find that the reported homes were fictitious. It can be seen that the people who protect Sun Shiliang are “Chongming County People”. There is no text that mentions that they are “resting homes”, and they have not come to Beijing at all; but they all have a “ghost name”, even if they really exist. It is also a general store owner in Beijing.

In conclusion, this article only puts forward some personal views on the interpretation of some historical materials around the "Ming and Qing Studies", and is not a comprehensive comment on the book. In fact, the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is like a sea of ​​smoke. The language of the ancient and modern times is very different. It is inevitable that some misunderstandings will occur. I believe that in my personal research, it is not uncommon to misunderstand historical data. In the past, Mr. Jing Jun published a "Proofreading of a Historical Data" in "Historical Research" and criticized the former sages; Mr. Xu Dary, the first teacher, immediately published "Reading a Historical Material for Proofreading", and discussed with Mr. Jing. After nearly half a century, Mr. Jing still feels very much. In the postscript of Jing Jingjian's Selected Works, he wrote: "Mr. Xu Daling's criticism has taught me a lot. I eat it in Changzhi. This thing reminds me at all times. It is necessary to be rigorous in learning." After the publication of the monograph "Chinese Family Law" by the Japanese scholar Shiga Hideu, the Chinese legal history expert Ren Jingtian gave severe criticism. After more than ten years, Mr. Shihe said in the preface to the "Principles of Chinese Family Law": "Mr. repeatedly wrote a severe argument, and I should thank you in any case. If you are experiencing these criticisms, you want to stand up straight. In the effort of the book, it is not exaggerated. "The persistence and enthusiasm of senior scholars for academics is really admirable. We should also make progress in mutual communication and mutual discussion.

(Author: longevity cents: Beijing Administrative College magazine editorial department)